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Kortt AA, Dolezal O, Power BE, Hudson PJ (2001) Dimeric and trimeric antibodies: high avidity scFvs for cancer targeting. PlГјckthun A, Pack P (1997) New protein engineering approaches to multivalent and bispecific antibody fragments. Willuda J, Kubetzko S, Waibel R, Schubiger PA, Zangemeister-Wittke U, PlГјckthun A (2001) Tumor targeting of mono-, di-, and tetravalent anti-p185(HER-2) miniantibodies multimerized by self-associating peptides. Expert Opin Biol Ther 1:845вЂ“855Д¬asey JL, Napier MP, King DJ, Pedley RB, Chaplin LC, Weir N, Skelton L, Green AJ, Hope-Stone LD, Yarranton GT, Begent RH (2002) Tumour targeting of humanised cross-linked divalent-FabвЂІ antibody fragments: a clinical phase I/II study. Hudson PJ, Souriau C (2001) Recombinant antibodies for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Methods Enzymol 326:461вЂ“479Д¬arter P (2001) Improving the efficacy of antibody-based cancer therapies. Tomlinson I, Holliger P (2000) Methods for generating multivalent and bispecific antibody fragments. Todorovska A, Roovers RC, Dolezal O, Kortt AA, Hoogenboom HR, Hudson PJ (2001) Design and application of diabodies, triabodies and tetrabodies for cancer targeting. Malembic S, Saillard C, BovГ© JM, Garnier M (2002) Effect of polyclonal, monoclonal, and recombinant (single-chain variable fragment) antibodies on in vitro morphology, growth, and metabolism of the phytopathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma citri. In: Shewry PR, Napier JA, Davies PJ (eds) Engineering crop plants for industrial end uses. Van der Logt CPE, Sidebottom CS, Davies PJ (1998) Antibody production in plants. J Rubber Res 3:115вЂ“128Дe Lamotte F, Duviau M-P, Sanier C, Thai R, Poncet J, Bieysse D, Breton F, Pujade-Renaud V (2007) Purification and characterization of cassiicolin, the toxin produced by Corynespora cassiicola, causal agent of the leaf fall disease of rubber tree. IRRDB, Kuala LumpurД«rГ©ton F, Sanier C, dвЂ™Auzac J (2000) Role of cassiicolin, a host-selective toxin, in pathogenicity of Corynespora cassiicola, causal agent of a leaf fall disease of Hevea. Sunderasan E, Kadir RA, Pujade-Renaud V, De Lamotte F, Yeang HY, Nathan S (2009) Single-chain variable fragments antibody specific to Corynespora cassiicola toxin, cassiicolin, reduces necrotic lesion formation in Hevea brasiliensis.

Silva WPK, Multani DS, Deverall BJ, Lyon BR (1995) RFLP and RAPD analyses in the identification and differentiation of isolates of the leaf spot fungus Corynespora cassiicola. These computational results suggest that mutagenesis experiments that are aimed at validating the model and improving the binding affinity of cassiicolin-specific scFv antibodies for the toxin should be performed.Д«arthe P, Pujade-Renaud V, Breton F, Gargani D, Thai R, Roumestand C, de Lamotte F (2007) Structural analysis of cassiicolin, a host-selective protein toxin from Corynespora cassiicola. The predicted structural complex and the change in accessible surface area between the toxin and the scFv antibody upon complexation reveal the potential role of certain complementarity determining region (CDR) amino acid residues in the formation of the complex. Additionally, molecular docking between the modeled scFv antibody and the available three-dimensional crystal structure of cassiicolin toxin was also performed. In this study, with the aid of homology modeling, the three-dimensional structure of cassiicolin-specific scFv was elucidated, and was found to exhibit a characteristic immunoglobulin fold that mainly consists of ОІ sheets. The primary sequence of the newly sequenced cassiicolin-specific scFv was highly homologous to several members of single-chain antibodies in the 14B7 family. However, the detailed mechanism of antibody action remains poorly understood. It was recently revealed that cassiicolin-specific single-chain variable fragments (scFv) can successfully reduce the toxic effects of cassiicolin. Rubber trees infected with a host-specific cassiicolin toxin often experience considerable leaf fall, which in turn results in loss of crop productivity.

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